Law of Effect and Operant Conditioning

Edward Thorndike:

1)In the expiriment he had a puzzle box where he put a rat in. The rat had to find a way to escape from the box and find it's food. The rat had to drop the lever and pull string to open the door. The rat made several tries. When the rat made more tries he was quicker every time.

2) The law of effect concists of the behavior has to be good and the reaction is more likley to be repeated. If the object is found in that situaton again he is more likely to repeat the reaction.

3) Law of Excercise concists that when the stimlus and the response are close then the object will react to the stimulus quicker.


B.F. Skinner:
1) Operant Conditioning relates to the behavior and it's consequence. Also called respnose-stimulus. (http://www.wagntrain.com/OC/#Operant)

2) You can have a possitive reinforcement, you can add something good. Something that animals enjoy. People want the animal to have a good consequence. ex. it happens in dogs when they are being trained.

3) Normally the punishment is negative. When there is a positive consequence and that joy is taken away.


4) There are differences between positive and negative in Operat conditioning. Positive is something given and negative is something that is taken away.

John B. Watson

1) The "Little Albert" was exposed to rats and he reacted normally. Then the rat was associated with a bell and little albert was scared when he saw the rat or any white animal.
2)The conditional was the white rat. the unconditional was the noise and the conditional response was when "little Albert" cried
3) The limitation was there was only one child in the expiriment and the expiriment can not be replicated.
4)Law of Frequency is "the more often two things or events are linked, the more powerful will be that association."
5)law of recency is the reaction of the stimulus that just occured.
6) The behaviors can be reduced to the start.
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/psychbeginnings.html

Ivan Pavlov

1) Pavlov was studing the salivation of dogs. He saw that when he ringed the bell and then gave the dog food, when he repeated it many times the dog could associate the sound of the bell with the food. The dog started to salivate.

2) Pavlov concluded behavior to determain classical conditioning with the dogs and its salivation. It's stimulus when the bell rang, The dog salivated more than usual.

3)"The process whereby dogs or humans learn to connect a stimulus to a reflex is called conditioning."Stimulus response " is a theoretical model of behavioral psychology that suggests humans and other animals can learn to associate a new stimulus." "unconditioned stimulus" is used in the theory of classical conditioning to refer to a stimulus that automatically and unconditionally elicits a response. Unconditional stimulus is is used in the theory of classical conditioning to refer to a stimulus that automatically and unconditionally elicits a response.

4)Classical Conditioning and exticion are related they mean: two or more thing that happen at the same time.
5)Stimulus Generalization and classical conditioning have a relation because they both have a stimulus to relate a similar condition.
6)Stimulus Discrimination is related with Classical Conditioning because both have to do with the study of human behavior.
7) Two limitations that Pavlov expiriment is it alter the cellerlary gland and it is not easy to reconstruct the expiriment.
8) Pavlov theorized that we learned by associating things with others. We do this by survival

"Why Does Lack of Sleep Affect Us Differently? Study Hints It May Be in Our Genes"

Narcolepsy is a disease were you are sleepy in the day. It is carries by a gene."This gene may be a biomarker for predicting how people will respond to sleep deprivation, which has significant health consequences and affects millions of people around the world." This is a disease that no many people have it. The outcome of the Narcolepsy is  they do not sleep to much in the night and "lower sleep drive." People with this disorder sleep the same in day as others at night. They all give the same attention as people without the disease do. The only thing that varies is the time of the day they sleep. 


American Academy of Neurology. "Why Does Lack of Sleep Affect Us Differently? Study Hints It May Be in Our Genes." ScienceDaily, 25 October 2010. Web. 3 November 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101025161023.htm>.

"Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA"

When you have a poor sleep you have poor performance, meaning that when you do not sleep well or sleep to little you may not get the grades that you wanted because your brain is not working at it's full potential. You can see this in your GPA, if you put all your effoft you can get a high score. If you do not sleep well and do not do yout best then your GPA will be affected as well. We should all have a good sleep hygiene to preforme well and obtain the best. Lets not damage our brain and grades because we do not want to sleep early.

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. "Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA." ScienceDaily, 11 June 2009. Web. 3 November 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2009/06/090609072813.htm>.

"Starting High School One Hour Later May Reduce Teen Traffic Accidents"

When teens sleep less then eight hours there weeknight increases every time. The average amount of sleep during weekend, they start getting at least 9 hours sleep. When the average sleep in teens is 8 hours. Teens crash increase over time because of the little sleep they are getting. The daytime sleep increases and more accidents occur because our body is asking for sleep. The most common crashes rate are from country crash.

"It is surprising that high schools continue to set their start times early, which impairs learning, attendance and driving safety of the students," said senior author Barbara Phillips, MD, director of the UK Healthcare Good Samaritan Sleep Center in Lexington, Ky.

"The authors report that both social and biological pressures appear to cause a shift in sleep patterns during the transition to adolescence, with the result that adolescents stay up progressively later." As a result the daytime sleep increases.
Teens should sleep well to have a better production of work and make it better quality. Teens should sleep 8 hours and decrease the chance of having a crash because they did not get enough sleep. Also to take precaution and if they know they are not in the condition to drive then wait till you'll ready.

Reduce Teen Traffic Accidents." ScienceDaily, 17 December 2008. Web. 3 November 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2008/12/081215074351.htm>.

THE TEENAGE BRAIN

          The movie that we saw during class was about teenage brain. Teenagers see thing differently than adults because there frontal lobe is growing. Teenagers normally are thinking that parents want to bother them and they do not know anything. It is no like that teenagers are seeing think differently because they are developing their brain, normally it stops to developed when you have 20 years. Teenagers do not receive too many hours of sleep; they should be receiving at lets 9 1/2 hours of sleep. 

        When you are a teenager you should be focus in school and doing think that are right for you because this is the stage where what you do is going to be someone that you can do well in your life. For example, if you read a lot then you are going to be an excellent reader and have a lot of knowledge. If you have a teenager that only plays videogame then he will be good at it but he will have some difficulty in other things that will help him in life. In other words you have to do what is right for you like playing sports and reading books. 

       The most important thing to do when you are a teenager is to sleep and to read and play sports. 

HOW DOES OUR BRAIN WORK?

The cerebral hemisphere is divided into two hemispheres, the right and the left. Each side specialized in some behavior.

The difference between the left and the right are the left controls speech, language, math, logic and all the movements on the right side of your body. The right controls the abilities, visual imagery, face recognition, music and the muscles on the left.

The corpus collasum is the communication between both the right and the left hemispheres. The thinking band are in about 200-250 million nerves fibers.

Paul Broca discovered the "Broca´s Area", is a language area also called the "speech motor area."  It has to do with the left side. He made an experiment on 2 patients to help him figure out this area of the brain. This area is located in the frontal lobe, in the middle cerebral artery and in the superior sagittal sinus vein. This area can be damage with a brain tumor.

Roger Sperry discovered the "Split Brain". "Split Brain" has to do with the corpus collasum. It the brain splits is cannot communicate and it losses the communication between the cerebral hemispire. For example if you have the "Split Brain" you will not be able to name the object that you are seen. This is because the left controls the talking and the right the visualize, then the hemisphere will not be able to communicate and you will not know what the other side of your body is doing.

Karl Wernicke discovered the "Wernicke Area". This area also has to do with language. It is located in the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain. This area is mostly related to the "Broca´s Area" both have to do alot with speech. This area can be damage by language development or usage being impaired.

The lobe that is responsible for the vision is the occipital lobe. The Temporal lobe is responsible for language. The Parietal lobe is responsible for performing math and the frontal lobe is responsible for judgment, reasoning and impulse control.


http://psychology.about.com/od/windex/g/def_wernickesar.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-brain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/broca´s-area
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/split.html

PHINEAS GAGE!

    Phineas Gage was born in July 9, 1823 he was an American railroad construction foreman. Handsome...well dressed and confident, even proud." He was remembered for his survival in an accident which a large iron rod that pasted though his head, it destroyed most of the frontal lobe. This affected his personality and his behavior. He also lot the ability to speak and to follow directionsHis friend described him as "no longer Gage".

      On September 13, 1848, Phineas Gage was 25 years old; he was building the Ruthland and Burlington Railroad in Vermont. Gage work consisted on putting blasting powder in the body of rock. The power exploded, it made the iron rod pass through his head it was an inch and fourth in (diameter), and three feet and seven inches length. The iron rod entered threw one side of his face, passing through the back of the left eye and put at the top of the head.

        We learned that each parts of the brain have a function, it showed the way the frontal lobe works and  that we can survive with a damage in the brain.

        The localization of the brain are the motor is the control of voluntary movement. Somatosensory is the bodily sensations, including heat, cold, pain, pressure, and body position. Vision is the ability to see. Auditory is the ability to hear. Speech production ("motor" speech) is the Ability to produce speech sounds. Speech planning and comprehension ("sensory" speech) is the Ability to plan and understand speech. Biologically-based motives is the Control of drives to satisfy basic biological needs, such as hunger and thirst. Limbic functions is the Regulation of emotions.

                  "The left hemisphere specializes in analytical thought. The left hemisphere deals with hard facts: abstractions, structure, discipline and rules, time sequences, mathematics, categorizing, logic and rationality and deductive reasoning, knowledge, details, definitions, planning and goals, words, productivity and efficiency, science and technology, stability, extraversion, physical activity, and the right side of the body. The left hemisphere is emphasized in our educational system and in our society in general, for better or for worse; as Marshall McLuhan speculated, "The day when bureaucracy becomes right hemisphere will be utopia.' "

http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~bbrown/psyc1501/brain/loclat.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage
http://neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2006/12/04/the-incredible-case-of-phineas-gage/
http://www.nvcc.edu/home/elanthier/methods/case-study-samples.htm

CRIMINAL MINDS.....

                Criminal is generally referred to as offenses against the state.” Criminal can be divided in two parts it can be nature or nurture. Nature is genetic and nurture is environmental and it comes from your surroundings.

                “There is, in short, a scientific consensus that criminal and antisocial behavior has genetic as well as environmental, sources.” “Scientist also found that the genetic traits such as gender, muscularity and extra Y chromosome can increase the risk of criminal behavior. Some disagree, they say it is genetic like for example this articles that says “There cannot be a gene for crime because ´crime ´does not exist as an entity and definitely does not exist as a biological entity.” There are different opinions of this being nature or nurture because you never know where it really came from. There are also other discoveries like for example if you are being put to an adoptive family and your parents have been part of a criminal you have a higher risk of having criminal behavior. Normally fathers are the ones that are convicted for crimes. When parents are convicted many times it increases the chances of a kid to become like his father. Also if you have a twin that is diagnosed with criminal behavior it is possible the other twin could also have this risk. “As the destiny of poverty increases in cities throughout the world, so will the destiny of joblessness, crime, family dissolution, drug abuse, alcoholism, disease, and violence.” Poverty can increase your possibilities of becoming criminal. Black has a greater violent crime rate then white because of poverty and the type of neighborhood they have. It has to do a lot with how it dominates the neighborhood; they say that if it is black people than it increases the chances of poverty and of criminal. Also the neighborhood where there are more poor people because they are not educated correctly to show them how to become successful in life.


                I think that criminal minds are more of a nature thing because it how your parents behave and the people you hang out with. It also depends on the type of neigh hood you live in meaning the level of education people have. For example, if I hang out with people that do drugs more likely I’ll be just like them. I also think that this fits in nature because you are made up of DNA. That DNA is a mixture of your mother and father meaning everything they are and they do will be reflected in you some way. For example, if your father is white the probability is that you are going to be white.


                 There are many different sides to this but you can only know if you investigate and see people´s emotions and way of acting.


Roleff, Tamara L. Crime and Criminals. California: Greenhaven press. Inc. 2000.
"What is criminal law?".http://www.quizlaw.com/what-is-criminal-law/. September 9,2010.

NATURE VERSUS NURTURE 'THE DEBATE'...

  Nature is something genetic; something you are born with. Nurture is not genetic; it's care given to children by their parents and their surroundings. All your life experience and liberal interpretation are part of nurture. The first to use this term was by an English man called Francis Galton (16 February 1822 – 17 January 1911). He was half cousin of Charles Darwin. The topics that are part of 'the debate' Nature versus Nurture are homosexuality, athletic, artistic abilities, intelligence and skill. I think nurture is ore dominate than nurture because we are made of DNA. DNA is made from nuture. We are born with our family ability and characteristics. In my research it says it like 'apples versus apples' they are like 50/50. Each one of them is dominate in one area then another. I think that nature only influence in the way of thinks of things. Also the ways you express yourself come from nature.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture#IQ_debate

CHARLES DARWIN AND HIS THEORY!

Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury; England in February1809 (died 1882).Charles Darwin was born the same day as Abraham Lincoln. He was the second oldest of the five kids. His mother died when he was only eight years old. Since he was little he liked to collect plants and insects. He was just like his grandfather he wanted to become a scientist.

Charles Darwin had knowledge, he knew how to make a hypotheses and he knew how to support his observations. Other scientist was working on evolution long before Darwin was born. Darwin was one of the men with a clear solution to the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin made a trip to the Galapagos Island where he made allot of observation on the animal. Most of the fossil he found was recently extinct animals.


The theory of Natural Selection is a theory that Darwin got idea of evolution. First, there is a variation of traits. Then, there is the difficulty in reproduction was it is hard to reproduce as they normally do because of nature. Then they are heredity where the reproduction happens. Then the end result is when the growth of population happens. Over all, the natural selection make individual struggle for survival and to reproduce. Later on make a bigger population.


The theory of Darwin was unpopular at its time because this theory was carried out years before because everything is changing. For example humans are changing.


Darwin wanted to develop this theory because there were other scientist was developing this theory. He had a rush in finishing the book because he spends allots of years of observation and other scientist had fewer years and was already making a book. He did not want people to take away all the hard work he did to make a solution to the theory.

"Charles Dawrin Bibliography." http://www.darwin-literature.com/l_biography.html. August 19, 2010.

"Natural Selection."http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_25. August 19,2010.

"The Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin."http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Charles-Darwin-Theory-Evolution.htm. August 19,2010.

What is Psychology?

"Psychology is a borad discipline which seeks to analyze the human mind." Psychology is combination of biology and philosophy. Psyche derivice from Greek maning 'soul' or 'mind'. It studies the way that people react meaning the way they act and there emotions. The way the people interact with each other. Psychology is devided in many parts. For example, clinical psychology has to do with emotion and Cognitive psychology has to do with communicating and remebering and learning thing.

"What is psychology."http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-psychology.htm.  August16, 2010.